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the river has burst its banks

  • 1 burst

    [bəːst] past tense, past participle burst
    1. verb
    1) to break open or in pieces suddenly:

    The bag/balloon burst.

    يَنْفَجِرُ
    2) ( with in, ～into, ～through etc) to come or go suddenly or violently:

    She burst into tears.

    يَنْدَفِعُ إلى الغُرفَه، يَقْتَحِم
    3) (of rivers) to overflow or flood (the banks):

    The river has burst its banks.

    يَطْفَحُ، يَفيضُ
    2. noun
    1) a break or explosion:

    a burst in the pipes.

    إنْفِجار
    2) an (often sudden and short) outbreak:

    a burst of applause.

    إنْفِجارٌ بِ

    Arabic-English dictionary > burst

  • 2 cauce

    m.
    1 channel (agriculture) (& figurative).
    2 river-bed.
    volver a su cauce to return to normal
    3 river bed, bed of a stream of water, riverbed, runway.
    4 gully, deep channel, gulley, ditch.
    * * *
    1 (de río) bed
    2 (conducto descubierto) ditch, trench
    3 figurado (canal) channel, way
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=lecho) [de río, arroyo] riverbed; [de canal] bed; (=curso) course

    desviaron el cauce del río — they changed o diverted the course of the river

    tras las riadas, las aguas han vuelto a su cauce — the river has returned to its normal level after the floods

    2) (=medio) channel, means

    tras el encuentro, las negociaciones volvieron a su cauce — following that encounter, negotiations returned to their normal course

    dar cauce a algo —

    3) (Agr) irrigation channel
    * * *
    a) (Geog) bed
    b) (rumbo, vía)
    * * *
    = riverbed [river bed], channel.
    Ex. The author discusses the hydrodynamic reasons why a riverbed meanders through a plain.
    Ex. The water, that trickles from it in a rivulet, leaves a white incrustation along its channel, in appearance exactly like soap suds.
    ----
    * aguas + volver a su cauce = dust + settle.
    * * *
    a) (Geog) bed
    b) (rumbo, vía)
    * * *
    = riverbed [river bed], channel.

    Ex: The author discusses the hydrodynamic reasons why a riverbed meanders through a plain.

    Ex: The water, that trickles from it in a rivulet, leaves a white incrustation along its channel, in appearance exactly like soap suds.
    * aguas + volver a su cauce = dust + settle.

    * * *
    1 ( Geog):
    el río se salió de su cauce the river burst its banks
    el cauce del río está seco the river bed is dry, the river has dried up
    desviaron el cauce del arroyo they changed the course of the stream
    las aguas volvieron a su cauce the river returned to a safe level
    2
    (rumbo, vía): intentó desviar la conversación hacia otros cauces he tried to steer the conversation onto another tack
    este acuerdo constituye el cauce para el diálogo this agreement opens the way for talks, this agreement provides an opening for talks
    no había seguido los cauces establecidos it hadn't gone through the normal channels
    * * *

    cauce sustantivo masculino
    a) (Geog) bed;


    desviaron el cauce del arroyo they changed the course of the stream
    b) (rumbo, vía):


    seguir los cauces establecidos to go through the normal channels
    cauce sustantivo masculino
    1 (de un río) bed
    2 figurado (canal, vía) channel
    cauces oficiales, official channels
    ' cauce' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    badén
    - canal
    - rebalsarse
    - salir
    English:
    bed
    - channel
    - gully
    * * *
    cauce nm
    1. [de río, canal] bed;
    seguir el cauce del río to follow the course of the river;
    el cauce del río no es navegable the river isn't navigable;
    Fig
    ya han vuelto las aguas a su cauce things have returned to normal
    2. [camino, forma] course;
    esta solicitud hay que hacerla siguiendo los cauces reglamentarios this application has to be made following the correct procedure;
    las negociaciones siguen por los cauces habituales the negotiations are continuing on the same course;
    volver a su cauce to return to normal;
    abrir nuevos cauces de diálogo to open new channels for talks
    3. [acequia] channel
    * * *
    m riverbed; fig
    channel;
    volver a su cauce fig get back to normal
    * * *
    cauce nm
    1) lecho: riverbed
    2) : means pl, channel
    * * *
    1. (de río) bed / river bed
    2. (canal) channel / procedure

    Spanish-English dictionary > cauce

  • 3 desbordarse

    1 (salirse) to overflow, flood
    2 figurado to burst
    * * *
    VPR
    1) (=rebosar)
    a) [lavabo, río] to overflow; [líquido] to overflow, spill (over)
    b)

    desbordarse fuera de — [epidemia, guerra] to spread beyond

    2) (=desatarse) [ira] to boil over
    3) (=excederse) to get carried away; pey to lose control
    * * *
    (v.) = overflow
    Ex. This article describes the impact of flooding on the Public Library of Des Moines, Iowa, when the Raccoon River overflowed in Jul 93.
    * * *
    (v.) = overflow

    Ex: This article describes the impact of flooding on the Public Library of Des Moines, Iowa, when the Raccoon River overflowed in Jul 93.

    * * *

    desbordarse ( conjugate desbordarse) verbo pronominal
    a) [río/canal] to burst its banks

    b) [vaso/cubo] to overflow


    ■desbordarse verbo reflexivo to overflow, flood
    ' desbordarse' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    salirse
    English:
    brim over
    - flood
    - overflow
    - spill over
    - boil
    - spill
    * * *
    vpr
    1. [río] to flood, to burst its banks;
    [lago, embalse] to flood, to overflow; [bañera, olla, líquido, contenido] to overflow;
    llena el vaso hasta arriba sin que se desborde fill the glass to the brim without it overflowing;
    la leche comenzó a desbordarse the milk started to spill over
    2. [pasión, sentimiento] to erupt;
    sueña que le toca la lotería y su imaginación se desborda she dreams she's won the lottery and her imagination runs away with her
    * * *
    v/r de río burst its banks, overflow; fig
    get out of control
    * * *
    vr

    Spanish-English dictionary > desbordarse

  • 4 река вышла из берегов

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > река вышла из берегов

  • 5 déborder

    déborder [debɔʀde]
    ➭ TABLE 1
    1. intransitive verb
       a. [récipient, liquide] to overflow ; [fleuve] to burst its banks ; [liquide bouillant] to boil over
    • tasse/boîte pleine à déborder cup/box full to overflowing
    2. transitive verb
    ( = dépasser) to extend beyond
    • se laisser déborder sur la droite (Military, politics, sport) to allow o.s. to be outflanked on the right
    * * *
    debɔʀde
    1.
    1) ( sortir de) [problème]; to go beyond [domaine]
    2) ( submerger) to overwhelm
    3) Armée, Politique, Sport to outflank
    4) ( saillir de) to jut out from

    2.
    déborder de verbe transitif indirect ( être plein de) to be overflowing with [personnes, détails]; to be brimming over with [joie, amour]; to be bursting with [santé]

    déborder de vie/d'activité — to be full of life/of activity


    3.
    verbe intransitif
    1) ( sortir des bords) [liquide, rivière] to overflow; ( en bouillant) to boil over
    2) ( laisser répandre) [récipient] to overflow; ( en bouillant) to boil over

    la coupe déborde — fig it's the last straw

    3) ( dépasser) to spill out (de of)

    la pierre déborde de dix centimètres — the stone juts out ten centimetres [BrE]

    elle déborde en coloriant — she goes over the lines when she's colouring [BrE] in


    4.
    se déborder verbe pronominal ( au lit) to become untucked
    * * *
    debɔʀde
    1. vi
    1) [cours d'eau] to overflow, [lait] to boil over

    Le lait a débordé de la casserole. — The milk boiled over.

    2) fig (= devenir incontrôlable) [colère, passion, conflit, joie, enthousiasme]
    3) (= dépasser) (en coloriant) to go over the lines

    déborder sur; A-t-on le droit de cueillir les fruits de l'arbre du voisin lorsqu'il déborde sur sa propriété? — Do you have the right to pick fruit from a neighbour's tree when it overhangs your property?

    Le conflit déborde sur le terrain politique et social. — The conflict is extending into political and social areas.

    4) SPORT, [ailier] to make a break
    2. vi

    déborder de (= avoir en abondance) [joie, zèle, enthousiasme] — to be bursting with, to be brimming over with, [énergie] to be bursting with

    3. vt
    1) MILITAIRE to outflank
    2) SPORT to outflank
    3) (= dépasser) to extend beyond
    * * *
    déborder verb table: aimer
    A vtr
    1 ( sortir de) [problème] to go beyond [domaine]; déborder le cadre de qch to go beyond the scope ou framework of sth; cette remarque/votre question déborde le sujet that remark/your question is outside the scope of the subject;
    2 ( submerger) to overwhelm [personne, groupe]; se laisser déborder to let oneself be overwhelmed (par qn/qch by sb/sth);
    3 Entr, Pol ( dépasser) to outflank; le chef du parti s'est fait/laissé déborder sur sa gauche the party leader was/let himself be outflanked by the left;
    4 Mil, Sport ( contourner) to outflank; se faire déborder sur l'aile gauche to be outflanked on the left wing;
    5 ( saillir de) to jut out from; certaines briques débordent le mur de deux centimètres some of the bricks jut out two centimetresGB from the wall;
    6 Cout ( ôter le bord) to cut the border off [tapis, napperon];
    7 ( tirer les draps) déborder qn to untuck sb's bed [enfant, malade].
    B déborder de vtr ind ( être plein de) to be overflowing with [personnes, détails]; to be brimming over with [joie, amour]; to be bursting with [santé]; déborder de vie/d'activité to be full of life/of activity; il débordait de gratitude he was overflowing with gratitude.
    C vi
    1 ( sortir des bords) [liquide, rivière] to overflow; ( en bouillant) to boil over; la rivière a débordé de son lit the river has overflowed; faire or laisser déborder le lait to let the milk boil over;
    2 ( laisser répandre) [récipient] to overflow; ( en bouillant) to boil over; la coupe déborde fig it's the last straw; ⇒ vase;
    3 ( dépasser) to spill out; les vêtements débordent de la valise the clothes are spilling out of the suitcase; son ventre débordait de sa ceinture his/her belly hung over his/her belt; la foule débordait sur la chaussée the crowd spilled out onto the street; les poubelles débordent the dustbins GB ou garbage cans US are overflowing; ton rouge à lèvres déborde your lipstick is smudged; la terrasse du café déborde sur le trottoir the café terrace spills out onto the pavement GB ou sidewalk US; la pierre déborde de dix centimètres the stone juts out ten centimetresGB; elle déborde en coloriant she goes over the lines when she's colouringGB in;
    4 ( s'épancher) fml sa joie déborde he's/she's bursting with joy; laisser déborder son cœur to give way to one's emotions.
    D se déborder vpr ( perdre ses couvertures) to become untucked; il s'est débordé en dormant his covers came off while he was asleep.
    [debɔrde] verbe intransitif
    1. [rivière] to overflow
    [bouillon, lait] to boil over
    son chagrin/sa joie débordait she could no longer contain her grief/her delight
    déborder de to overflow ou to be bursting with
    2. [récipient] to overflow, to run over
    3. [faire saillie] to stick ou to jut out, to project
    ————————
    [debɔrde] verbe transitif
    1. [dépasser] to stick ou to jut out from
    2. [s'écarter de]
    nous débordons un peu, il est midi et deux minutes we're going slightly over time, it's two minutes past twelve
    3. [submerger - troupe, parti, équipe] to outflank
    4. [tirer]
    ————————
    se déborder verbe pronominal intransitif
    se déborder en dormant to come untucked ou to throw off one's covers in one's sleep

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > déborder

  • 6 überfluten

    v/t (untr., hat) auch fig. flood, inundate
    * * *
    to float; to overrun; to submerge; to flush
    * * *
    über|fluten ['yːbɐfluːtn]
    vi sep aux sein
    (= über die Ufer treten) to overflow
    * * *
    1) ((of rivers) to overflow or flood (the banks): The river has burst its banks.) burst
    2) (to fill or overwhelm with a great quantity: We've been deluged with orders for our new book.) deluge
    3) (to flow over the edge or limits (of): The river overflowed (its banks); The crowd overflowed into the next room.) overflow
    * * *
    über·flu·ten *
    [y:bɐˈflu:tn̩]
    vt
    ▪ etw \überfluten
    1. (überschwemmen) to flood sth
    2. (über etw hinwegströmen) to come over the top of sth
    3. (geh: in Mengen hereinbrechen) to flood sth fig
    * * *
    transitives Verb (auch fig.) flood
    * * *
    überfluten v/t (untrennb, hat) auch fig flood, inundate
    * * *
    transitives Verb (auch fig.) flood
    * * *
    v.
    to flood v.
    to overflow v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > überfluten

  • 7 überborden

    v/i (untr., ist)
    1. Freude, Erregung etc.: be excessive; überbordender Verkehr excessive amount of traffic
    2. bes. schw.: der Fluss ist überbordet the river has burst its banks
    * * *
    über|bọr|den [yːbɐ'bɔrdn] ptp überbo\#rdet
    vi insep aux haben or sein (fig geh)
    to be overextravagant
    * * *
    überborden v/i (untrennb, ist)
    1. Freude, Erregung etc: be excessive;
    überbordender Verkehr excessive amount of traffic
    2. besonders schweiz:
    der Fluss ist überbordet the river has burst its banks

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > überborden

  • 8 de rivier is buiten haar oevers getreden

    de rivier is buiten haar oevers getreden
    ————————
    de rivier is buiten haar oevers getreden

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > de rivier is buiten haar oevers getreden

  • 9 rompre

    rompre [ʀɔ̃pʀ]
    ➭ TABLE 41
    1. transitive verb
    to break ; [+ fiançailles, pourparlers, relations diplomatiques] to break off ; [+ solitude, isolement] to put an end to
    • rompez (les rangs) ! (Military) fall out!
    2. intransitive verb
       a. ( = se séparer de) rompre avec qn to break with sb
    • rompre avec de vieilles habitudes/la tradition to break with old habits/tradition
       b. [corde, digue] to break
    * * *
    ʀɔ̃pʀ
    1.
    verbe transitif gén to break, to break off [fiançailles, relation]; to upset [équilibre]; to disrupt [harmonie]; to end [isolement]; to break up [unité]; to interrupt [uniformité]; to break through [ligne ennemie, barrage]

    2.
    verbe intransitif

    rompre avec — to break with [habitude, tradition, doctrine]; to make a break from [passé]; to break away from [parti, milieu]; to break up with [fiancé]


    3.
    se rompre verbe pronominal gén to break
    * * *
    ʀɔ̃pʀ
    1. vt
    1) (= casser) to break
    2) (= interrompre) [entretien, fiançailles] to break off

    Ils ont rompu leurs fiançailles. — They've broken off their engagement.

    3) [contrat, engagement] to break

    rompez (les rangs)! MILITAIRE — dismiss!, fall out!

    applaudir à tout rompre — to applaud wildly, to bring the house down

    2. vi
    1) (= se casser) [corde] to break
    2) [couple] to break up, to split up, [fiancés] to break up

    Paul et Justine ont rompu. — Paul and Justine have broken up.

    rompre avec [fiancé, ami] — to break up with, [tradition, habitudes] to break with

    * * *
    rompre verb table: rompre
    A vtr
    1 ( faire cesser) to break [monotonie, charme, liens]; to break off [négociation, fiançailles, relation, conversation]; to upset [équilibre]; to disrupt [harmonie]; to end [isolement, logique infernale]; to break up [unité, complicité]; to interrupt [uniformité];
    2 ( cesser de respecter) to break [contrat, accord, jeûne, silence, trève];
    3 ( casser) to break [branche, pain, digue]; to break through [ligne ennemie, barrage, cordon policier]; rompre les rangs to fall out; rompez (les rangs)! fall out!;
    4 liter ( habituer) rompre qn à/à faire to train sb to/to do; rompre un soldat au maniement des armes to accustom a soldier to handling arms.
    B vi
    1 ( en finir) rompre avec to break with [habitude, tradition, doctrine]; to make a break from [passé]; to break away from [parti, milieu]; to break up with [fiancé];
    2 Pol ( interrompre les relations) rompre avec to break away from; rompre avec Damas/un parti to break away from Damascus/a party;
    3 ( se séparer) to break up; ils ont rompu they've broken up; rompre avec qn to break up with sb; elle a rompu avec lui she's broken up with him; ils ont rompu trois jours avant le mariage they broke up three days before the wedding;
    4 †( casser) to break; la corde a rompu the rope broke;
    5 Sport ( en escrime) to break.
    C se rompre vpr
    1 ( se casser) [corde, branche, axe] to break; [harmonie] to be disrupted;
    2 †( se fracturer) [jambe, tibia] to break.
    [rɔ̃pr] verbe transitif
    1. [mettre fin à - jeûne, silence, contrat] to break ; [ - fiançailles, relations] to break off (separable) ; [ - marché] to call off (separable) ; [ - équilibre] to upset
    2. [briser] to break
    3. (soutenu) [accoutumer] to break in (separable)
    rompez (les rangs)! dismiss!, fall out!
    ————————
    [rɔ̃pr] verbe intransitif
    1. [se séparer] to break up
    2. (soutenu) [se briser - corde] to break, to snap ; [ - digue] to break, to burst
    3. SPORT [reculer] to break
    ————————
    se rompre verbe pronominal intransitif
    [se briser - branche] to break ou to snap (off) ; [ - digue] to burst, to break
    ————————
    se rompre verbe pronominal transitif

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > rompre

  • 10 oever

    1  bank 〈van rivier/vijver/kanaal〉; shore 〈van zee/meer〉
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   aan de oevers van de Schelde • on the banks of the Scheldt
         de rivier is buiten haar oevers getreden • the river has burst its banks

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > oever

  • 11 desbordar

    v.
    1 to overflow, to burst (cauce, ribera).
    El vaso desborda al llenarlo The glass overflows when filled.
    2 to exceed.
    3 to get past, to pass (contrario, defensa).
    4 to surpass, to go beyond.
    Esto desborda nuestras expectativas This surpasses our expectations.
    5 to cause to burst its banks.
    La tormenta desbordó el río The storm caused the river to burst its banks.
    6 to cause to brim over.
    Ricardo desbordó el vaso Richard caused the glass to brim over.
    * * *
    1 (sobrepasar) to overflow
    2 figurado (exceder) to surpass, exceed
    1 (salirse) to overflow
    1 (salirse) to overflow, flood
    2 figurado to burst
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=rebosar)
    2) (=exceder) [+ límite, previsiones] to exceed; [+ persona, tolerancia] to be beyond, be too much for
    3) [+ energía, entusiasmo] to be brimming (over) with
    4) (Mil) [+ enemigo, policía] to break through
    5) (Dep) (=aventajar) to outplay
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    b) < límites> to exceed, go beyond
    c) (Mil, Pol) to break through
    d) < persona> to overwhelm

    estoy desbordada de trabajo — I'm swamped with work

    e) <alegría/entusiasmo>
    2.
    desbordarse v pron
    a) río/canal to burst its banks
    b) vaso/cubo to overflow
    c) multitud to get out of hand, get out of control
    * * *
    = outrun [out-run], overrun [over-run].
    Ex. But he was wiry and wily, too, and he could often out-run, track, back-track, double-back, and finally dodge unseen in the subway.
    Ex. The frequency of telephone reference enquiries has overrun the ability of the reference staff to respond.
    ----
    * desbordarse = overflow.
    * río + desbordarse = river + burst its banks.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    b) < límites> to exceed, go beyond
    c) (Mil, Pol) to break through
    d) < persona> to overwhelm

    estoy desbordada de trabajo — I'm swamped with work

    e) <alegría/entusiasmo>
    2.
    desbordarse v pron
    a) río/canal to burst its banks
    b) vaso/cubo to overflow
    c) multitud to get out of hand, get out of control
    * * *
    = outrun [out-run], overrun [over-run].

    Ex: But he was wiry and wily, too, and he could often out-run, track, back-track, double-back, and finally dodge unseen in the subway.

    Ex: The frequency of telephone reference enquiries has overrun the ability of the reference staff to respond.
    * desbordarse = overflow.
    * río + desbordarse = river + burst its banks.

    * * *
    desbordar [A1 ]
    vt
    1
    (salirse de): el río desbordó su cauce the river flooded o overflowed, the river overflowed o burst its banks
    la fruta está desbordando el cesto the basket is brimming over with o overflowing with fruit
    la ropa casi desborda la maleta the suitcase is bursting with clothes
    2 ‹límites› to exceed, go beyond
    las pérdidas han desbordado todas las previsiones losses have exceeded all forecasts
    3 ( Mil, Pol) to break through
    desbordaron las líneas enemigas they broke through o breached the enemy lines
    los manifestantes desbordaron los controles policiales the demonstrators broke o burst through the police barriers
    4 ‹persona› to overwhelm
    se vio desbordado por los acontecimientos he found events too much for him, he was overwhelmed by events
    estoy desbordada de trabajo I'm swamped with o overloaded with o ( BrE) snowed under with work
    esta casa me desborda this house is too much for me to manage
    5 ‹alegría/entusiasmo›
    su cara desbordaba alegría her face shone with joy
    desbordaba entusiasmo she exuded o she was brimming with enthusiasm
    1 «río/canal» to flood, overflow, burst o overflow its banks
    2 «vaso/cubo» to overflow
    el vino se desbordó de la copa the wine spilled over the edge of the glass
    3 «multitud» to get out of hand o out of control
    se desbordaron los ánimos tempers flared o boiled over, things got out of hand
    * * *

    desbordar
    I verbo transitivo to overflow
    figurado to overwhelm: este tipo de situaciones me desbordan, these situations are just too much for me
    II verbo intransitivo to overflow [de, with]
    ' desbordar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    rebasar
    - rebosar
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [cauce, ribera] to overflow, to burst;
    [recipiente] to brim over;
    el río desbordó el dique the river burst the flood bank;
    procura que la leche no desborde el cazo be careful not to let the milk spill over;
    la basura desbordaba los contenedores the bins were overflowing with rubbish
    2. [límites] to break through;
    los manifestantes desbordaron el cordón policial the demonstrators broke through the police cordon
    3. [previsiones, capacidad] to exceed;
    [paciencia] to push beyond the limit;
    la respuesta del público desbordó todas nuestras previsiones the public's response exceeded all our forecasts;
    la cantidad de pedidos nos desborda we can't cope with the number of orders;
    estamos desbordados de trabajo we're overwhelmed o swamped with work;
    ¡la ineptitud de este gobierno es algo que me desborda! this government's ineptitude is just beyond belief!
    4. [pasión, sentimiento] to brim with, to overflow with;
    todos desbordábamos felicidad we were all brimming with happiness;
    el artículo desborda elogios the article is overflowing with praise;
    su rostro desbordaba amor y ternura her face shone with love and tenderness
    5. [contrario, defensa] to get past, to pass;
    desbordó al portero en su salida he beat the goalkeeper as he was coming out
    ♦ vi
    desbordar de to overflow with
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 de río overflow, burst
    2 de multitud break through
    3 de acontecimiento overwhelm; fig
    exceed
    II v/i overflow
    * * *
    1) : to overflow, to spill over
    2) : to surpass, to exceed
    3) : to burst with, to brim with
    * * *
    desbordar vb to overflow

    Spanish-English dictionary > desbordar

  • 12 lit

    lit [li]
    1. masculine noun
       a. ( = meuble) bed
    • lit d'une personne or à une place single bed
    • lit de deux personnes or à deux places double bed
    • aller or se mettre au lit to go to bed
    • au lit, les enfants ! off to bed children!
    • tu es tombé du lit ! you're up bright and early!
       c. [de rivière] bed
    * * *
    li
    nom masculin
    1) ( meuble) bed

    lit à une place or d'une personne — single bed

    lit à deux places or de deux personnes — double bed

    aller or se mettre au lit — to go to bed

    tirer quelqu'un du lit — lit to drag somebody out of bed

    au lit! — ( à un enfant) bedtime!

    2) ( structure) bed
    3) ( literie) bed
    5) Droit ( mariage) marriage
    6) Culinaire ( couche) bed
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••

    comme on fait son lit on se couche — Proverbe as you make your bed so you must lie in it Proverbe

    * * *
    li nm
    1) (= meuble) bed

    Je n'ai pas eu le temps de faire mon lit ce matin. — I didn't have time to make my bed this morning.

    3) [rivière] bed

    le lit de la rivière — the river bed, the bed of the river

    4) (= couche) bed
    * * *
    lit nm
    1 ( meuble) bed; lit à une place or d'une personne single bed; lit à deux places or de deux personnes double bed; lit dur/moelleux hard/soft bed; aller or se mettre au lit to go to bed; garder le lit to stay in bed; être/rester/fumer au lit to be/stay/smoke in bed; mettre qn au lit to put sb to bed; tirer qn du lit lit to drag sb out of bed; le réveil le tira du lit the alarm got him out of bed; elle est pas mal au lit◑ she's pretty good in bed○; il voudrait bien la mettre or l'avoir dans son lit○ he would like to get her into bed; au lit! ( à un enfant) bedtime!;
    2 ( structure) bed; lit métallique/en acajou metal/mahogany bed;
    3 ( literie) bed; faire/défaire un lit to make/unmake a bed; le lit était tout défait the bedclothes were rumpled; le lit n'était pas défait the bed had not been slept in;
    4 ( unité d'accueil) bed; un hôtel/hôpital de 300 lits a 300-bed hotel/hospital; cette station offre 2 500 lits there are 2,500 beds available in this resort;
    5 Jur ( mariage) marriage; enfants (nés) du même/premier lit children from the same/first marriage;
    6 Culin, Géol ( couche) bed;
    7 Géog ( de cours d'eau) bed; la rivière est sortie de son lit the river has overflowed its banks; détourner un fleuve de son lit to alter the course of a river;
    lit à baldaquin four-poster bed; lit bateau sleigh bed; lit breton = lit clos; lit de camp camp bed GB, cot US; lit clos box bed; lit de douleur liter bed of pain; lit empilable stacking bed; lit d'enfant cot GB, crib US; lit fluvial Géog riverbed; lit gigogne hideaway bed; lit mécanique adjustable bed GB, hospital bed US; lit de mort death-bed; lit pliant folding bed; lit en portefeuille apple-pie bed; lit de repos day-bed; lits superposés bunk bed.
    comme on fait son lit on se couche Prov as you make your bed so you must lie in it Prov.
    [li] nom masculin
    1. [meuble] bed
    lit en pin/en fer pine/iron bed
    garder le lit, rester au lit to stay ou to be in bed
    envoyer/mettre quelqu'un au lit to send/to put somebody to bed
    maintenant, au lit! come on now, it's bedtime!
    le lit est/n'est pas défait the bed has/hasn't been slept in
    lit de jour ou de repos daybed
    lit d'enfant, petit lit cot (UK), crib (US)
    lit à deux places ou pour deux personnes double bed
    lits superposés bunk bed, bunks
    comme on fait son lit on se couche (proverbe) as you make your bed, so you must lie in it (proverbe)
    2. DROIT [mariage]
    enfant d'un premier/deuxième lit child of a first/second marriage
    3. [couche] bed, layer
    lit de feuilles/mousse bed of leaves/moss
    le lit du vent the set of the wind, the wind's eye

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > lit

  • 13 treten

    to stride; to kick; to tread; to pace; to march
    * * *
    tre|ten ['treːtn] pret trat [traːt] ptp getreten [gə'treːtn]
    1. vi
    1) (= ausschlagen, mit Fuß anstoßen) to kick (gegen etw sth, nach out at)
    2) aux sein (mit Raumangabe) to step

    hier kann man nicht mehr tréten — there is no room to move here

    vom Schatten ins Helle tréten — to move out of the shadow into the light

    tréten — to move or step closer to sth

    vor die Kamera tréten (im Fernsehen) — to appear on TV; (im Film) to appear in a film or on the screen

    in den Vordergrund/Hintergrund tréten — to step forward/back; (fig) to come to the forefront/to recede into the background

    an jds Stelle tréten — to take sb's place

    See:
    → nahe
    3) aux sein or haben (in Loch, Pfütze, auf Gegenstand etc) to step, to tread

    jdm auf den Fuß tréten — to step on sb's foot, to tread (esp Brit) or step on sb's toe

    jdm auf die Füße tréten (fig) — to tread (esp Brit) or step on sb's toes

    tréten — to tread on sb's toes

    getreten fühlen — to feel offended, to be put out

    See:
    → Stelle
    4) aux sein or haben

    (= betätigen) in die Pedale tréten — to pedal hard

    auf die Bremse tréten — to brake, to put one's foot on the brake

    5) aux sein

    (= hervortreten, sichtbar werden) Wasser trat aus allen Ritzen und Fugen — water was coming out of every nook and cranny

    Tränen traten ihr in die Augen — tears came to her eyes, her eyes filled with tears

    6) aux sein (Funktionsverb) (= beginnen) to start, to begin; (= eintreten) to enter

    tréten — to come into or enter sb's life

    ins Leben tréten — to come into being

    in den Ruhestand tréten — to retire

    in den Streik or Ausstand tréten — to go on strike

    in den Staatsdienst/Stand der Ehe or Ehestand tréten — to enter the civil service/into the state of matrimony

    mit jdm in Verbindung tréten — to get in touch with sb

    in die entscheidende Phase tréten — to enter the crucial phase

    See:
    2. vt
    1) (= einen Fußtritt geben, stoßen) to kick; (SPORT) Ecke, Freistoß to take

    jdn ans Bein tréten — to kick sb's leg, to kick sb on or in the leg

    jdn mit dem Fuß tréten — to kick sb

    in den Hintern tréten (fig inf) — to kick oneself

    2) (= mit Fuß betätigen) Spinnrad, Nähmaschine, Webstuhl, Blasebalg to operate (using one's foot)

    die Bremse tréten — to brake, to put on the brakes

    die Pedale tréten — to pedal

    3) (= trampeln) Pfad, Weg, Bahn to tread

    einen Splitter in den Fuß tréten — to get a splinter in one's foot

    See:
    → Wasser
    4) (fig) (= schlecht behandeln) to shove around (inf)
    5) (= begatten) to tread, to mate with
    * * *
    1) (to hit or strike out with the foot: The child kicked his brother; He kicked the ball into the next garden; He kicked at the locked door; He kicked open the gate.) kick
    2) (to place one's feet on: He threw his cigarette on the ground and trod on it.) tread
    * * *
    tre·ten
    <tritt, trat, getreten>
    [ˈtre:tn̩]
    I. vi
    1. Hilfsverb: sein (gehen)
    ▪ irgendwohin \treten to step somewhere; (hineingehen a.) to go somewhere; (hereinkommen a.) to come somewhere
    bitte \treten Sie näher! please come in!
    pass auf, wohin du trittst mind [or watch] your step, watch where you tread [or step] [or you're treading]
    ▪ an etw akk \treten to step up [or come/go [up]] to sth
    ▪ auf etw akk \treten to step on [to] [ or esp AM also onto] sth
    auf den Flur \treten to step into the hall
    von einem Fuß auf den anderen \treten to shift from one foot to the other
    ▪ aus etw dat \treten to step [or come/go] out of [or fam out] sth; Raum a. to leave sth
    er trat aus der Tür he walked out of [or fam out] the door
    ▪ hinter etw akk \treten to step behind sth
    die Sonne tritt hinter die Wolken (fig) the sun disappeared behind the clouds
    ▪ in etw akk \treten to step [or come/go] into sth; Raum a. to enter sth
    ▪ von etw dat \treten (absteigen) to step off sth; (zurückgehen) to step [or move] [or come/go] away from sth
    ▪ vor jdn \treten to appear before sb
    ▪ vor etw akk \treten to step in front of sth
    vor den Spiegel \treten to step up to the mirror
    vor die Tür \treten to step outside
    ▪ zu jdm/etw \treten to step up to sb/sth
    zur Seite \treten to step [or move] aside
    2. Hilfsverb: sein (fließen)
    der Fluss trat über seine Ufer the river broke [or burst] [or overflowed] its banks
    Schweiß trat ihm auf die Stirn sweat appeared on [or beaded] his forehead
    ▪ aus etw dat \treten to come out of sth; (durch Auslass) to exit from sth; (quellen) to ooze from sth; (tropfen) to drip from sth; (stärker) to run from sth; (strömen) to pour [or gush] from [or out of] sth; (entweichen) to leak from sth
    der Schweiß trat ihm aus allen Poren he was sweating profusely
    Wasser tritt aus den Wänden water was coming out of the walls, the walls were exuding water
    3. Hilfsverb: sein o (selten) haben (den Fuß setzen)
    ▪ auf etw akk \treten to tread [or step] on sth
    jdm auf etw akk \treten to tread [or step] on sb's sth
    jdm auf den Fuß \treten to tread [or step] on sb's foot [or toes]
    ▪ in etw akk \treten to step in sth
    du bist in etwas ge\treten (euph) smells like you've stepped in something
    in einen Nagel \treten to tread [or step] on a nail; s.a. Schlips
    4. Hilfsverb: haben (stampfen)
    ▪ auf/in etw akk \treten to stamp on sth
    5. Hilfsverb: haben (schlagen)
    ▪ [mit etw dat] \treten to kick
    ▪ jdm an/vor etw akk \treten to kick sb's sth [or sb on sth]
    ▪ gegen etw akk \treten to kick sth
    ▪ jdm gegen/in etw akk \treten to kick sb in sth
    jdm in den Hintern \treten (fam) to kick sb [or give sb a kick] up the backside [or BRIT also bum] fam
    ▪ nach jdm \treten to kick out [or aim a kick] at sb
    6. Hilfsverb: haben (betätigen)
    ▪ auf etw akk \treten to step on sth, to press [or depress] sth with one's foot
    auf den Balg \treten to operate the bellows
    auf die Bremse \treten to brake, to apply [or step on] the brakes
    aufs Gaspedal \treten to accelerate, AM fam also to hit the gas
    voll aufs Gaspedal \treten to floor the accelerator [or AM fam also gas]
    auf die Kupplung \treten to engage [or operate] the clutch
    auf die Pedale \treten to pedal
    7. Hilfsverb: haben (pej fam: schikanieren)
    nach unten \treten to bully [or harass] the staff under one
    8. Hilfsverb: sein (anfangen)
    sie ist in ihr 80. Jahr ge\treten she has now turned 80
    in Aktion \treten to go into action
    in den Ausstand \treten to go on strike
    in jds Dienste \treten to enter sb's service
    in den Ruhestand \treten to go into retirement
    in den Stand der Ehe \treten (geh) to enter into the state of matrimony form
    in Verhandlungen \treten to enter into negotiations
    9. Hilfsverb: sein (fig)
    in jds Bewusstsein \treten to occur to sb
    in Erscheinung \treten to appear; Person a. to appear in person
    in jds Leben \treten to come into sb's life
    auf jds Seite \treten to take sb's side; s.a. Hintergrund, Stelle, Vordergrund
    10. Hilfsverb: sein (selten: einschwenken)
    in eine Umlaufbahn \treten to enter into orbit
    11. Hilfsverb: haben (begatten)
    eine Henne \treten to tread a hen spec
    II. vt Hilfsverb: haben
    ▪ jdn/etw [mit etw dat] \treten to kick sb/sth [with one's sth]
    den Ball [o das Leder] \treten FBALL (sl) to play football
    jdn mit dem Fuß \treten to kick sb
    den Ball ins Aus/Tor \treten to kick the ball out of play/into the net
    eine Ecke/einen Elfmeter/einen Freistoß \treten to take a corner/penalty/free kick
    ▪ etw \treten to step on sth, to press [or depress] sth with one's foot
    den Balg \treten to operate the bellows
    die Bremse \treten to brake, to apply [or step on] the brakes
    die Kupplung \treten to engage [or operate] the clutch
    die Pedale \treten to pedal
    die Mönche haben eine Spur auf die Steintreppe ge\treten the monks have worn away the stone steps with their feet
    einen Pfad durch etw akk \treten to trample [or tread] a path through sth
    tretet mir keinen Dreck ins Haus! wipe your feet before coming into the house!
    [jdm] eine Delle in etw akk \treten to kick/stamp a dent in [sb's] sth
    etw in die Erde/einen Teppich \treten to tread/stamp sth into the earth/a carpet
    etw zu Matsch \treten to stamp sth to a mush
    etw platt \treten to stamp sth flat
    ihr tretet meine Blumen platt! you're trampling all over my flowers!
    ▪ jdn \treten to bully [or harass] sb
    8. (fam: antreiben)
    ▪ jdn \treten to give sb a kick up the backside [or in the pants] fam
    ▪ jdn \treten, damit er etw tut to give sb a kick to make him do sth
    III. vr
    ▪ sich dat etw in etw akk \treten to get sth in one's sth
    sie trat sich einen Nagel in den Fuß she stepped onto a nail [or ran a nail into her foot]
    ▪ sich dat etw von etw dat \treten to stamp sth off one's sth
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb
    1) mit sein (einen Schritt, Schritte machen) step (in + Akk. into, auf + Akk. on to)

    der Schweiß ist ihm auf die Stirn getreten — (fig.) the sweat came to his brow

    der Fluss ist über die Ufer getreten — (fig.) the river has overflowed its banks

    auf etwas (Akk.) treten — (absichtlich) tread on something; (unabsichtlich; meist mit sein) step or tread on something

    jemandem auf den Fuß treten — step/tread on somebody's foot or toes

    auf das Gas[pedal] treten — step on the accelerator

    jemandem an od. gegen das Schienbein treten — kick somebody on the shin

    2.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb
    1) kick <person, ball, etc.>
    2) (trampeln) trample, tread < path>
    3) (mit dem Fuß niederdrücken) step on <brake, pedal>; operate < clutch>
    * * *
    treten; tritt, trat, getreten
    A. v/i (ist)
    1. (sich mit einem Schritt oder Schritten in eine bestimmte Richtung bewegen) step, walk, go, move;
    zur Seite treten step ( oder move) aside ( oder to one side);
    jemandem in den Weg treten step into sb’s path; (den Weg versperren) block sb’s path;
    in ein Zimmer treten go into ( oder walk into oder enter; kommen: come into) a room;
    ans Fenster treten go (over) to the window;
    über die Schwelle treten cross the threshold;
    treten Sie näher! step this way!;
    sie war auf seine Seite getreten fig she had chosen ( oder joined) his side
    2. Sachen: (sich [scheinbar] bewegen) go, come, pass;
    der Mond/die Sonne trat hinter die Wolken the moon/sun disappeared behind the clouds; Sonne: auch the sun went in umg;
    die Tränen traten ihm in die Augen tears came to ( oder welled up in) his eyes;
    der Schweiß trat ihm auf die Stirn (beads of) sweat formed ( oder stood out) on his forehead ( oder face);
    über die Ufer treten Fluss: overflow (its banks), flood
    3. (unabsichtlich den Fuß auf, in etwas setzen) stand, step, tread (
    auf/in +akk on/in);
    jemandem auf den Fuß treten tread (US step) ( oder stand) on sb’s toes ( oder foot);
    hast)
    in etwas getreten you’ve put your foot ( oder trodden geh) in sth
    4. (absichtlich den Fuß auf, in etwas setzen) tread, step, place one’s foot ( oder feet) (
    auf/in +akk on/in); (stampfen) stamp; (trampeln) trample;
    auf etwas treten tread (besonders US step) on sth;
    man wusste nicht, wohin man treten sollte you didn’t know where to put your feet ( oder where to step);
    von einem Fuß auf den andern treten hop from one leg ( oder shift from one foot) to the other
    B. v/t & v/i
    1. (hat) (jemandem, einer Sache einen Fußtritt versetzen) kick, give sb (oder sth) a kick;
    nach jemandem treten (take a) kick ( oder kick out) at sb;
    jemandem gegen das Schienbein treten kick sb in the shin(s);
    Vorsicht, das Pferd tritt! look out, that horse kicks ( oder is a kicker)!;
    treten gegen unabsichtlich: accidentally kick (against), walk into; absichtlich: kick; fig (jemanden drängen) prod, put pressure on ( stärker: kick);
    man muss ihn immer treten umg, fig you have to keep prodding him; (jemanden schikanieren) ( auch
    mit Füßen treten) bully, trample on;
    nach unten treten take it out on the dog
    2. (hat) (durch einen Tritt, Tritte bewirken) kick;
    eine Ecke/einen Elfmeter treten take a corner (kick)/a penalty;
    einen Pfad in den Schnee treten kick ( oder stamp out) a path through ( oder in) the snow;
    eine Beule ins Auto treten dent the car with a kick ( oder by kicking it);
    sich (dat)
    den Dreck von den Schuhen treten kick ( oder stamp) the muck off one’s boots
    3. (hat) (durch Fußdruck betätigen, bewirken) press down (with the foot), depress; Radfahrer: pedal;
    die Kupplung/Pedale treten depress the clutch (pedal)/work the pedals ( Fahrrad: pedal, push on the pedals);
    aufs Gas treten put one’s foot down umg, step on it ( oder on the gas) umg, put the pedal to the metal umg;
    auf die Bremse treten brake, apply the brakes; Vollbremsung: stand on the brakes umg
    sich (dat)
    einen Dorn in den Fuß treten get a thorn in ( oder run a thorn into) one’s foot
    5. ZOOL (begatten) tread, mount;
    der Hahn tritt die Henne the cock treads the hen; → nah B, näher; → Dienst 3, Hühnerauge, Kraft 6, Schlips, Stelle 1, zutage etc
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb
    1) mit sein (einen Schritt, Schritte machen) step (in + Akk. into, auf + Akk. on to)

    der Schweiß ist ihm auf die Stirn getreten — (fig.) the sweat came to his brow

    der Fluss ist über die Ufer getreten — (fig.) the river has overflowed its banks

    auf etwas (Akk.) treten — (absichtlich) tread on something; (unabsichtlich; meist mit sein) step or tread on something

    jemandem auf den Fuß treten — step/tread on somebody's foot or toes

    auf das Gas[pedal] treten — step on the accelerator

    jemandem an od. gegen das Schienbein treten — kick somebody on the shin

    2.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb
    1) kick <person, ball, etc.>
    2) (trampeln) trample, tread < path>
    3) (mit dem Fuß niederdrücken) step on <brake, pedal>; operate < clutch>
    * * *
    (in) v.
    to step (into) v. v.
    (§ p.,pp.: trat, ist/hat getreten)
    = to kick v.
    to tread v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: trod, trodden)

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > treten

  • 14 traboccare

    overflow ( also fig)
    * * *
    traboccare v. intr. to overflow (with sthg.) (anche fig.), to flow over, to brim over; ( in seguito a ebollizione) to boil over: il fiume è traboccato, the river has overflowed its banks; il latte è traboccato, the milk has boiled over; la pentola trabocca, the pan is brimming over; la piazza traboccava di folla, the square was overflowing with people; gli occhi le traboccavano di lacrime, her eyes were filled with tears; il mio cuore trabocca di felicità, my heart is overflowing with happiness; la sua rabbia traboccò, his anger burst out // questa fu la goccia che fece traboccare il vaso, (fig.) this was the last straw (that broke the camel's back).
    * * *
    [trabok'kare]
    verbo intransitivo
    1) (aus. essere) (debordare) [ liquido] to spill* over, to overflow; (durante l'ebollizione) to boil over
    2) (aus. avere) (essere colmo) [ recipiente] to overflow, to brim over (di with); [negozio, teatro] to be* packed (di with)
    3) (aus. avere) fig.

    traboccare di — to overflow with [ amore]; to be bursting with [salute, orgoglio]

    * * *
    traboccare
    /trabok'kare/ [1]
     1 (aus. essere) (debordare) [ liquido] to spill* over, to overflow; (durante l'ebollizione) to boil over
     2 (aus. avere) (essere colmo) [ recipiente] to overflow, to brim over (di with); [negozio, teatro] to be* packed (di with)
     3 (aus. avere) fig. traboccare di to overflow with [ amore]; to be bursting with [salute, orgoglio].

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > traboccare

  • 15 rompere

    "to break;
    Brechen;
    quebrar"
    * * *
    1. v/t break
    colloq rompere le scatole a qualcuno get on someone's nerves colloq
    2. v/i colloq be a pain colloq fig rompere con qualcuno break it off with s.o.
    * * *
    rompere v.tr.
    1 to break*; to burst*; ( mandare in frantumi) to smash: rompere un piatto, un bicchiere, to break a plate, a glass; accidenti, ho rotto il vetro della finestra!, damn it! I've broken (o smashed) the window; rompere in due, in tre, to break in two (o half), in three; rompere in due un ramo, un bastone, to break (o to snap) a branch, a stick in two; il fiume ha rotto gli argini, the river has broken (o burst) its banks; rompersi un braccio, una gamba, to break one's arm, one's leg; rompersi il collo, l'osso del collo, to break one's neck // (mil.): rompere le righe, to break ranks: rompete le righe!, dismiss!; rompere le linee nemiche, to break the enemy's lines // rompere la faccia, il muso a qlcu., to smash s.o.'s face in // rompere le scatole a qlcu., (fam.) to drive s.o. crazy (o to get on s.o.'s nerves o to get s.o.'s goat); mi hai rotto ( le scatole), vattene!, you've driven me crazy, clear off! // non romperti la testa in quell'indovinello, don't rack your brains over that riddle // mi rompi i timpani con quella musica!, you're bursting my eardrums with that music! // (dir.) rompere i sigilli, to break the seals // chi rompe paga e i cocci sono suoi, (prov.) he who makes a mistake must pay for it and take the consequences
    2 ( interrompere) to break*: rompere il digiuno, to break one's fast; rompere il silenzio, to break the silence; rompere un'amicizia, to break up (o off) a friendship; rompere una relazione con qlcu., to break with s.o.; rompere un fidanzamento, to break off an engagement; rompere le trattative, to break off negotiations
    3 ( violare) to break*, to violate: rompere una promessa, to break a promise; rompere un giuramento, to break an oath // (dir.) rompere un accordo, un contratto, to break (o to pull off) an agreement, a contract
    4 (ant. letter.) ( sconfiggere) to disrupt, to scatter
    ◆ v. intr.
    1 ( interrompere i rapporti) to break* up: ha rotto con il fidanzato, she has broken up with her boyfriend
    2 ( naufragare) to break* (up): la nave ruppe sugli scogli, the ship broke up on the rocks
    3 ( prorompere) to burst*: rompere in pianto, to burst into tears
    4 (fam.) ( seccare) to bother: non rompere!, don't bother (me)!; quanto rompi!, don't be such a pain in the neck!
    5 ( straripare) to break*, to burst* its banks.
    ◘ rompersi v.intr.pron.
    1 to break*: questa porcellana non si rompe facilmente, this china doesn't break easily // mi si è rotto l'orologio, my watch is broken
    2 (di vena, vescica) to rupture, to burst*: gli si ruppe una vena, he burst a vein
    3 (fam.) ( seccarsi) to be fed up (with): mi sono rotto di te e delle tue storie, I'm fed up with you and your stories.
    * * *
    1. ['rompere]
    vb irreg vt
    (gen) fig to break, (sfasciare) to smash up, (scarpe, calzoni) to split, (fidanzamento, negoziati) to break off

    rompere il silenzio/il ghiaccio — to break the silence/the ice

    rompersi una gamba/l'osso del collo — to break a leg/one's neck

    2. vip (rompersi)
    (gen) to break
    PAROLA CHIAVE: rompere non si traduce mai con la parola inglese romp
    * * *
    ['rompere] 1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) to break*; to crack [noce, nocciola]; to break*, to crack [ uova]; (strappare) to rip, to tear* [calze, pantaloni]

    rompere il muso a qcn. — pop. to smash sb.'s face

    rompere gli argini — [ fiume] to break its banks

    rompere il ghiaccio — fig. to break the ice

    2) (far cessare) to break* [monotonia, silenzio, digiuno]; to upset* [ equilibrio]; to end [ isolamento]; to break* off [findanzamento, relazione, trattative]

    rompete le righe! — mil. fall out!

    3) colloq. (seccare) to be* a pain in the neck

    rompere le scatole a qcn. — to be on sb.'s case, to pester the life out of sb.

    2.
    verbo intransitivo (aus. avere)

    rompere con — to break up with, to break away from [persona, gruppo]; to break with [ tradizione]; to make a break with [ passato]

    hanno deciso di rompere — (lasciarsi) they decided to break it off

    2) (scoppiare) to burst*
    3.
    verbo pronominale rompersi
    1) to break*; (strapparsi) to rip, to tear*

    -rsi una gamba, un braccio — to break one's leg, arm

    - rsi la testa — (scervellarsi) colloq. to rack one's brains

    3) (seccarsi) to be* fed up (di with), to be* tired (to death) (di of), to be* sick and tired (di of)
    ••

    chi rompe paga (e i cocci sono suoi) — prov. = all breakages must be paid for

    * * *
    rompere
    /'rompere/ [81]
     1 to break*; to crack [noce, nocciola]; to break*, to crack [ uova]; (strappare) to rip, to tear* [calze, pantaloni]; rompere il muso a qcn. pop. to smash sb.'s face; rompere gli argini [ fiume] to break its banks; rompere il ghiaccio fig. to break the ice
     2 (far cessare) to break* [monotonia, silenzio, digiuno]; to upset* [ equilibrio]; to end [ isolamento]; to break* off [findanzamento, relazione, trattative]; rompere l'incantesimo to break the spell; rompete le righe! mil. fall out!
     3 colloq. (seccare) to be* a pain in the neck; rompere le scatole a qcn. to be on sb.'s case, to pester the life out of sb.; mi rompe che I'm pissed off that
     (aus. avere)
     1 (farla finita) rompere con to break up with, to break away from [persona, gruppo]; to break with [ tradizione]; to make a break with [ passato]; hanno deciso di rompere (lasciarsi) they decided to break it off
     2 (scoppiare) to burst*; rompere in lacrime o pianto to burst into tears
    III rompersi verbo pronominale
     1 to break*; (strapparsi) to rip, to tear*
     2 (fratturarsi) -rsi una gamba, un braccio to break one's leg, arm; - rsi la testa (scervellarsi) colloq. to rack one's brains
     3 (seccarsi) to be* fed up (di with), to be* tired (to death) (di of), to be* sick and tired (di of)
    chi rompe paga (e i cocci sono suoi) prov. = all breakages must be paid for.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > rompere

  • 16 salirse

    1 (líquido, gas) to leak, leak out; (río) to overflow
    2 (al hervir) to boil over
    3 (tornillo etc) to come off, come out
    4 (de la carretera) to go off (de, -)
    * * *
    VERBO PRONOMINAL
    1) (=irse) to leave
    2) (=escaparse) to escape (de from)
    get out (de of)

    el tigre se salió de la jaula — the tiger escaped from the cage, the tiger got out of the cage

    3) (=filtrarse) [aire, líquido] to leak (out)

    el barril se sale — Esp the barrel is leaking

    4) (=rebosar) to overflow; [al hervir] to boil over
    5) (=desviarse) to come off
    6) (=desconectarse) to come out
    7) (=excederse)
    * * *

    ■salirse verbo reflexivo
    1 (irse) to leave: me salí antes de que acabase la película, I left before the end of the film
    (dejar una asociación, un grupo) Juan se ha salido del partido, Juan has left the party
    2 (de un límite) el coche se salió de la calzada, the car went off the road
    (desbordarse, rebosar) to overflow
    (al hervir) to boil over
    3 (escaparse un gas o un líquido por una grieta) to leak (out)
    4 (no encajar bien, soltarse) se salió una pieza del motor, a part of the engine came off
    ♦ Locuciones: salirse con la suya, to get one's own way
    ' salirse' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    madre
    - suya
    - suyo
    - tangente
    - ir
    - salir
    English:
    blow
    - boil over
    - extricate
    - go off
    - leak
    - out
    - overshoot
    - red
    - see
    - stubborn
    - way
    - come
    - jump
    - over
    * * *
    vpr
    1. [marcharse]
    salirse (de) to leave;
    muchos se salieron del partido many people left the party;
    la obra era tan mala que nos salimos (del teatro) a la mitad the play was so bad that we left (the theatre) halfway through;
    me salí del agua porque tenía frío I came out of the water because I was cold
    2. [irse fuera, traspasar]
    salirse de [límites] to go beyond;
    no te salgas del margen al escribir stay inside the margin when you're writing;
    el balón se salió del terreno de juego the ball went out of play;
    salirse del presupuesto to overrun the budget;
    eso se sale de mis competencias that's outside my authority;
    tiene una inteligencia que se sale de lo normal she is exceptionally intelligent;
    salirse del tema to digress
    3. [filtrarse] [líquido, gas] to leak, to escape ( por through); [humo, aroma] to come out ( por through);
    este grifo se sale this Br tap o US faucet is leaking;
    a esta rueda se le sale el aire the air's getting out of o escaping from this tyre
    4. [rebosar] to overflow;
    [leche] to boil over;
    el río se salió del cauce the river broke its banks
    5. [desviarse]
    salirse (de algo) to come off (sth);
    el autobús se salió de la carretera the bus came off o left the road
    6. [desprenderse, soltarse] [tornillo, tapón, anillo]
    salirse (de algo) to come off (sth);
    este anillo se me sale this ring's too big for me;
    se te sale la camiseta por detrás your shirt's not tucked in properly at the back
    7.
    salirse con la suya to get one's (own) way
    * * *
    v/r
    1 de líquido overflow
    2 ( dejar) leave;
    salirse de leave;
    salirse de la carretera leave the road, go off the road
    3
    :
    salirse con la suya get what one wants
    * * *
    vr
    1) : to escape, to get out, to leak out
    2) : to come loose, to come off
    3)
    salirse con la suya : to get one's own way
    * * *
    1. (escaparse) to leak
    2. (al hervir) to boil over
    3. (desviarse) to go off / to come off

    Spanish-English dictionary > salirse

  • 17 разливаться

    разлиться
    1. spill*

    от дождей река разлилась — the rains caused the river to overflow, или to burst its banks

    3. мед.:
    5. тк. несов. ( петь звонко) pour out one's song
    6. страд. к разливать

    Русско-английский словарь Смирнитского > разливаться

  • 18 разливаться

    несов. - разлива́ться, сов. - разли́ться

    от дожде́й река́ разлила́сь — the rains caused the river to overflow [to burst its banks]

    4) тк. несов. ( петь звонко) pour out one's song
    5) страд. к разливать
    ••

    у него́ жёлчь разлила́сь мед. — he has a bilious attack

    румя́нец разли́лся по лицу у кого́-л — smb's face blushed / flushed; (как признак здоровья, пребывания на воздухе и т.п.) smb's cheeks glow

    Новый большой русско-английский словарь > разливаться

  • 19 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

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  • List of The Power of Five characters — This is a list of all the antagonists and protagonists in The Power of Five series by Anthony Horowitz. The only characters to physically appear in all four novels to date are Matt Freeman, Richard Cole, Nathalie Johnson and the King of the Old… …   Wikipedia

  • River Uck — The River Uck is a river that starts near Crowborough, flows through Uckfield and into the river Ouse about 3 miles north of Lewes. The river Uck also has a scenic walk alongside it and burst its banks in 2000, flooding much of Uckfield and the… …   Wikipedia

  • river — river1 riverless, adj. riverlike, adj. /riv euhr/, n. 1. a natural stream of water of fairly large size flowing in a definite course or channel or series of diverging and converging channels. 2. a similar stream of something other than water: a… …   Universalium

  • River Thames — Thames redirects here. For other uses, see Thames (disambiguation). Coordinates: 51°29′56″N 0°36′31″E / 51.4989°N 0.6087°E / 5 …   Wikipedia

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